They acted like breakwaters, absorbing wave energy and slowing the water before it hit the shore.

“There were oysters, tide pools, grasses, lots of colorful marine life, and they were a big part of New York’s coastal-protection system. “Before Buttermilk Channel was dredged, people used to walk from here to Governors Island at low tide,” she said. Behind us were the Red Hook Houses, the largest public-housing complex in Brooklyn, with some twenty-five hundred units set on a peninsula, a former tidal marsh that will take on more and more water as the planet continues to warm. Farther west, along the Hudson River, we could make out the ports and cities in New Jersey where the risk of tidal flooding has more than doubled over the past generation, as sea levels have risen. “I’m interested in reworking the edges,” Orff told me, squinting into the breeze. Then she pointed toward the steel-and-concrete barriers that separate the city from the harbor but that, in 2012, proved no match for Superstorm Sandy. Army Corps of Engineers has dredged in order to keep them deep and fast. Orff, who is forty-nine, pushed back strands of ash-brown hair that had blown loose from her ponytail, and pointed out the busy navigation channels, which, for more than two centuries, the U.S.

Most places in New York City make it easy to avoid thinking about the rivers, canals, and ocean waters that form an aquatic thoroughfare for the global economy and surround the industrial corridors, office towers, and densely populated neighborhoods where millions of people have settled. On a windy afternoon in April, the landscape architect Kate Orff stood on the open walkway of a container crane, some eighty feet above the Red Hook Terminal, in Brooklyn, and the Buttermilk Channel, a tidal strait on the southeast side of Governors Island. This content can also be viewed on the site it originates from.

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